Krason’s group Chicago custom luxury wrought ornamental iron works 2014
Chicago Custom Iron Works: Krason's Group
2381 United Ln.
Elk Grove Village Il 60007
Phone: 773 544 1219
contact@krasongroup.com
HISTORY OF ORNAMENTAL IRON
Wrought iron
Wrought iron
Wrought ironwork is forged by a blacksmith using an anvil. The earliest known
ironwork are beads from Jirzah in Egypt dating from 3500 BC and made from
meteoric iron with the earliest use of smelted iron dates back to Mesopotamia.
However, the first use of conventional smelting and purification techniques that
modern society labels as true iron-working dates back to the Hittites in around 2000
BC.
Knowledge about the use of iron spread from the Middle East to Greece and the
Aegean region by 1000BC and had reached western and central Europe by 600BC.
However, its use was primarily utilitarian for weapons and tools before the Middle
Ages. Due to rusting, very little remains of early ironwork.
From the medieval period, use of ironwork for decorative purposes became more
common. Iron was used to protect doors and windows of valuable places from
attack from raiders and was also used for decoration as can be seen at Canterbury
Cathedral, Winchester Cathedral and Notre Dame de Paris. Armour also was
decorated, often simply but occasionally elaborately.
From the 16th century onwards, ironwork became highly ornate especially in the
Baroque and Rococo periods. In Spain, elaborate screens of iron or rejería were
built in all of the Spanish cathedrals rising up to nine metres high.
In France, highly decorative iron balconies, stair railings and gateways were highly
fashionable from 1650. Jean Tijou brought the style to England and examples of his
work can be seen at Hampton Court and St Pauls Cathedral. Wrought ironwork was
widely used in the UK during the 18th in gates and railings in London and towns
such as Oxford and Cambridge. In the US, ironwork features more prominently in
New Orleans than elsewhere due to its French influence.
As iron became more common, it became widely used for cooking utensils, stoves,
grates, locks, hardware and other household uses. From the beginning of the 19th
century, wrought iron was being replaced by cast iron due to the latter's lower cost.
However, the English Arts and Crafts Movement produced some excellent work in
the middle of the 19th century. In modern times, much modern wrought work is
done using the air hammer and the acetylene torch. A number of modern sculptors
have worked in iron including Pablo Picasso, Julio González and David Smith.
WHAT IS RELE WROUGHT IRON ?
Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon (0.1 to 0.25%) content in
contrast to cast iron (2.1% to 4%), and has fibrous inclusions, known as slag up to
2% by weight. It is a semi-fused mass of iron with slag inclusions which gives it a
"grain" resembling wood, that is visible when it is etched or bent to the point of
failure. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile and easily welded. Historically, it
was known as commercially pure iron;[1][2] however, it no longer qualifies because
current standards for commercially pure iron require a carbon content of less than
0.008 wt%.[3][4]
Before the development of effective methods of steelmaking and the availability of
large quantities of steel, wrought iron was the most common form of malleable
iron. A modest amount of wrought iron was used as a raw material for refining into
steel, which was used mainly to produce swords, cutlery, chisels, axes and other
edged tools as well as springs and files. The demand for wrought iron reached its
peak in the 1860s with the adaptation of ironclad warships and railways, but then
declined as mild steel quality problems such as brittleness were solved and it
became inexpensive and widely available.
Many items, before they came to be made of mild steel, were produced from
wrought iron, including rivets, nails, wire, chains, rails, railway couplings, water and
steam pipes, nuts, bolts, horseshoes, handrails, straps for timber roof trusses, and
ornamental ironwork.
Wrought iron is no longer produced on a commercial scale. Many products
described as wrought iron, such as guard rails, garden furniture and gates, are
made of mild steel. They retain that description because in the past they were
wrought (worked) by hand.
What is blacksmithing?
It is the art of manipulating iron or steel by forging it: heating it to incandescence
and forming it into different shapes using force supplied by hand hammers, power
hammers, fly-presses and hydraulic presses; and often using tools driven by
hammer or press. Forging is distinct from casting and from fabrication. The best
way of understanding the process is to compare it to pottery: the hot metal has the
consistency of very stiff clay and can be shaped accordingly. It does not become
liquid during the forging process.
What is blacksmithing good for?
Versatility. Creativity. Utility. No other method of manipulating iron and steel has so
many different facets. No other metal is as useful as steel. Forging is the primary
method for manufacturing cutlery, tools, engine parts (which are subsequently
machined), machinery, hardware, etc. In fact, the final process of steel-making, the
rolling process, is a form of forging.
What distinguishes forged work from casting and
fabrication?
Casting (founding): This is the equally challenging art of melting metal and
pouring it into a mould. Most of the skill is in the mould-making, though the
running of a furnace is not to be taken lightly. Iron for casting has a very
high carbon content compared with steels used for forging. It is brittle
when not molten; thus heating it to a red heat and hitting it just causes it to
shatter.
Fabrication: Iron construction using lengths of steel joined by welding or
(rarely nowdays) riveting. Useful but utilitarian. The shape of the individual
pieces of metal is not changed except by bending (usually done cold),
whereas the primary aim in blacksmithing is to radically alter the cross-
section and longitudinal shape of the supplied steel to get imaginative new
forms. Bridges, jails, skyscrapers, Eiffel towers, oil-rigs, ships, and many,
many railings, gates and other architectural elements are made with the
fabrication process.
Both of these processes are used for industrial production and for artistic
expression. Though casting is a superbly creative process it does not have the
flexibility and immediacy of forging, and an eye trained in the observation of forged
work will find fabricated work lifeless.
Is forged work better than cast or fabricated?
Forging is not better for all purposes, but there are applications where forging is far
superior - often items that are cast or fabricated would benefit from a rethink in
their design which considers the forging process. This is not to say that either
process is eschewed by smiths: some use bespoke cast elements where needed,
and many innovative fabrication tools and techniques have been gratefully
assimilated by smiths for practical reasons.
What is the benefit of buying a hand forged item rather than
something fabricated or mass produced?
Esthetic quality: the same advantage there is in buying an original work of
art. The work of art costs more, but you can have it tailor made in style and
scale and so that it expresses your taste; it will turn heads and it can
survive for hundreds of years as an enrichment to the environment.
Build quality: blacksmiths primarily join the various pieces of a construction
using mortise and tenon joints, fire-welding, rivets, collars, and sometimes
entirely new methods invented for the project at hand. Fabricators weld
around the surface of abutting pieces. In the words of one of our members,
“you wouldn’t buy a piece of wooden furniture with the glue on the outside
of the joints would you?”
Why are a fabricator’s bespoke gates cheaper than an artist
blacksmith’s?
Artist blacksmiths approach design from the standpoint of artists rather than
craftsmen, and this takes more time and effort. Forging is a great deal more labour-
intensive and time-consuming than fabrication, but the innovation, attention to
quality and to detail show in the finished product. Fabricators do a good job in the
utilitarian sense, and the result may even superficially resemble a traditional forged
gate, but they are not artists. There is nothing like the real thing for quality,
longevity, beauty and design versatility.
Wrought iron is actually a material, not a descriptive term for items made in iron.
Wrought iron is the forgeable ferrous material made until about the mid-twentieth
century that has been replaced by modern mild steel. It was originally called
“wrought” (“worked”) to distinguish it from cast, or poured iron, because its
manufacture required extensive forming under power hammers and through
rollers. It is characterised by its composite nature: it is fibrous, like wood, though
you cannot tell that by looking at it unless it has been broken or badly corroded.
The fibrous material is iron silicate, intimately mingled with the iron, and it gives
wrought iron a combination of resistance to corrosion, plasticity when hot and
tensile strength when cold that are generally greater than in mild steel. Carbon
content is typically very low and the old iron welds beautifully with just
incandescent heat and the hammer. It was expensive to make, and variable in
quality. It did not lend itself well to high-speed production processes, but some
smiths still seek out scrap wrought iron, or buy reprocessed wrought iron, because
they prefer it to mild steel.
WHAT IS RELE WROUGHT IRON ?
Wrought iron